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Bulgaria :: End of party rule -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia


A major industrial centre, Gabrovo has a high in-migration population from the surrounding area. After some shuffling of positions, Petar Mladenov was named head of state, Andrey Lukanov prime minister, and Alexander Lilov head of the Bulgarian Communist Party. Although reinvigorated by its victory, the Byzantine Empire soon faced further threats. Bulgaria has international airports at Sofia, Varna, and... Bulgaria’s first and only nuclear power station, at Kozloduy, was constructed with Soviet aid and began operation in 1974; two reactors were closed there in 2002. Burgas, Nesebŭr, Pomorie, and Sozopol form part of the developing Black Sea Riviera. By the spring of 1990, at a roundtable held between early January and May 1990, the UDF and the BSP had agreed to free elections for a Grand National Assembly that will prepare a new constitution. Called the “Bulgarian Manchester,” the town has a large textile industry—clothes, leather goods, and accessories. During the summer several parties withdrew from the UDF coalition, and those that remained split into two factions: UDF (liberals) and UDF (movement). Encyclopædia Britannica Online.05 May. Farming, viticulture, and fishing are the main means of livelihood; as a port, it has been superseded by Somovit. Food processing (flour, sugar, and fish), engineering, and oil refining augment its port activities; copper, lignite, and salt are mined locally. From the east came the Seljuq Turks, a...in Balkans: Economic collapse and nationalist resurgence)...an ingrained fear of the security... In 1396 the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I defeated a Crusader army led by King Sigismund of Hungary at Nikopol, an event that contributed significantly to Turkish domination of the Balkans for five centuries. In 1835 the first Bulgarian secular school opened there, and in 1877 the town was liberated from the Turks. In July 1990 Mladenov resigned after failing to conceal that he had recommended a military crackdown on protesters in late 1989. In the mountains to the south, craft industries are maintained in textiles, woodworking, and carpet making. In the National …[Credits : Courtesy of the National Archaeological Museum, Sofia, Bulg.; photograph, Roza Staneva]A road winding along the coast of the Black Sea at Nesebŭr, Bulgaria. In these June elections, the socialists won a narrow majority. It is situated on both banks of the Yantra River, at the foot of the Shipka Pass in the Balkan Mountains. It lies along the Danube River near its confluence with the Osŭm (Ossăm) and opposite Turnu Măgurele, Rom.Nikopol was an important Danubian stronghold—ruined fortresses still dominate the town—founded by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius I in ad 629. Its population grew to approximately 40,000 before it was destroyed by the Russians in 1810; thereupon the Turks moved the regional centre of government northwest to Vidin, and Nikopol consequently declined. Many of these joined the Union of Democratic Forces (UDF), a coalition led by the sociologist Zheliu Zhelev. Occupied by the Turks in 1393–1877, Nikopol was again fortified and became an important administrative town. On June 1, 1913, Serbia and Greece formed an alliance against Bulgaria, and the war began on the night of June 29/30, 1913, when King Ferdinand of Bulgaria ordered his troops to attack Serbian and Greek forces in Macedonia. Ostensibly created to limit increasing Austrian power in the Balkans, the league was actually formed at the instigation of Russia in order to expel the Turks from the Balkans. Other manufactures are machine tools, footwear, electrical machinery, and textile machinery.According to legend, the town was founded in the mid-15th century by an itinerant blacksmith, who was later joined by other craftsmen. Simultaneously, Russian ministers in the Balkans brought about an alliance between the bitter rivals Serbia and Bulgaria in preparation for a final strike against Ottoman-controlled Europe. The Bulgarians were defeated,...in international relations: Growing tensions and German isolation)...by declaring war on Turkey and sending a naval squadron as far as the Dardanelles. The chief seaports are Varna and Burgas on the Black Sea, providing regular international merchant service. The leader of the UDF, Philip Dimitrov, was elected prime minister and, with the support of the MRF, formed a government, without BSP participation. The league members declared war on the Ottoman Empire in October 1912. The league...Balkan Wars ( in Balkan Wars)The Second Balkan War began when Serbia, Greece, and Romania quarreled with Bulgaria over the division of their joint conquests in Macedonia. The Russians liberated Nikopol from Turkish control in 1877. There were recurrent conflicts between Constantinople and the first Bulgarian empire until the latter was crushed in the early 11th century. Under the new constitution Zhelev was elected president for a five-year term in general elections held in January 1992.Citations MLA Style: "Bulgaria." Encyclopædia Britannica. With the small neighbouring port of Sozopol, Burgas also handles most of the Bulgarian fish catch.