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Black Sea :: Climate -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia
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A steppe climate, with cold winters and hot, dry summers, is found in the northwestern part of the basin exposed to the influence of air masses from the north. Although Austria is landlocked, its shipyards build vessels for Austria and for other countries. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.10 May. In winter, spurs of the Siberian anticyclone (a clear, dry, high-pressure air mass) create a strong current of cold air, and the northwestern Black Sea cools down considerably, with regular ice formation. It is among the most visited reserves in Ukraine, the attractions including many species of waterfowl, and is the only breeding ground in Ukraine of the gull Larus melanocephalus. It was across its waters that, according to legend,... Known as limans, these bodies of water form at the mouths of rivers or ephemeral streams and are blocked off by... Larger saline lakes occur along the coast. Minimum temperatures occur in the northwest, approaching − 22 °F (− 30 °C) during the winter cold spells, while maximum temperatures occur in the Crimea, sometimes reaching 99 °F (37 °C) in summer. Occasionally, winds from the Atlantic via eastern Europe bring rain and sharp squalls.The average January air temperature over the central portion of the sea is about 46 °F (8 °C) and decreases to between 36 and 37 °F (2 and 3 °C) to the west. One of the largest is Lake Svityaz, 11 square miles in area, in the northwest. Small saltwater lakes occur in the Black Sea Lowland and in the Crimea. Spring air temperature everywhere approaches 61 °F (16 °C), rising to about 75 °F (24 °C) in the summer. The Black Sea coastline is otherwise fairly regular. The Danube Water Meadows (Plavni) reserve (36,600 acres)... The grassy steppe vegetation has been preserved only in the nature reserves and preserves and in old ravines...physiography of Ukraine Ukraine...lakes, all of them small and most of them scattered over the river floodplains. The lower Dnieper basin lies within the Black Sea Lowland, in the black-soil steppe area, which has now been completely plowed up. The maximum east-west extent of the sea is about 730 miles (1,175 km), and the shortest distance between the tip of the Crimea and the Cape Kerempe to the south is about 160 miles (260 km). The principal tributaries of the middle Dnieper are the Ros, Sula, Pesl, Vorskla, and Samara. The renowned Crimean Peninsula thrusts into the Black Sea from the north, and just to its east the narrow Kerch Strait links the sea to the smaller Sea of Azov. The southeastern portion of the sea, sheltered by high mountains, experiences a humid subtropical climate, with abundant precipitation, warm winters, and humid summers. The surface area, excluding the Sea of Marmara but including the Sea of Azov, is about 178,000 square miles (461,000 square km); the Black Sea proper occupies about 163,000 square miles (422,000 square km). The young of the black sea bass (Centropristis striata) are mostly females with normal egg-laying functions; after five years, however, some of these females transform into functional males. Tropical air from the Mediterranean regions (87 days affected on average) is always warm and moist.